Social Status And Social Class - 1188 Words

At some point in time, most people ponder on a question like: How long will I live? Will it be at a young age, or well into the 80’s? When will it be time to say goodbye? Some people don’t know what to do to live long luxurious lives, others may think they do, but don’t. Nowadays, people are living longer, and according to the American Psychological Association (2008): The United States is facing unprecedented increases in the older adult population. Americans age 65 and over comprise nearly 13 percent of the U.S. population, and their proportion is estimated to increase to 20 percent of the population in the next 25 years. As the percentage of older Americans rises, so does concern for their economic stability. The key to living a long enjoyable life is based on two factors: their social status and their social class. A social status is a person’s importance when it comes to other people. Social class is more directed towards ones finances or wealth. Armenakis (2015) states the importance of longevity pertaining to social factors are: â€Å"Education, income occupation, ethnicity race, religion, political affiliation, and geographic region.† The reasons one social class and status determine their length of life, can be viewed by the following 3 categories: Ones finances, one’s relationships, and how one treats themselves. Money is something that is always present, and one way or another a person needs money or something of equal value to be able to acquire itemsShow MoreRelatedThe Subjects Of Social Class And Status1445 Words   |  6 Pagessubjects of social class and status are major concerns in the lives of the characters in Jane Austen’s Emma. If one belie ves the Oxford English Dictionary definitions that consider social status to be [a] person’s standing or importance in relation to other people within a society, and social rank to mean [a] division of a society based on social and economic status, we can see that there is a definite difference in meaning that marks an important dichotomy in the novel. While social class is determinedRead MoreSocial Class And Status Groups1318 Words   |  6 PagesSocial class is a concept that has been interpreted countless times throughout history. The existence of social class and status groups has even been questioned and whether it is a positive or negative thing. This ethnography explores groups of class and how distinctions between individuals on a macro level can affect their micro level interactions in everyday life. The differences between individuals macro distribution would not have any effect if they were not illustrated in everyday micro levelRead MoreSocial Class : An Individu al s Status741 Words   |  3 PagesSocial class is an individual’s status based on his or her esteem and prestige acquired mainly through economic success and wealth. The status is compared against a pre-set hierarchy that determines to which class the individual belongs. Social class does matter as well. Social class determines everything about an individual. It determines what neighborhood and environment the individual grows up in, the types of school they attend, and what opportunities is open up for them. Social class also determinedRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status992 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will explore the notion of social class and whether it is still relevant within today’s society. The Oxford Dictionary defines social class as ‘a division of a society based on social and economic status’ and is measurable in terms of stratification and inequality. Stratification suggests people are ranked hierarchi cally according to their attributes such as income, wealth, power, age, gender and status, whereas, inequality explains the difference between people in terms of their abilitiesRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status1554 Words   |  7 Pages Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Why do we have social class in our societies? For what purpose does social class, even exist? From India, to the United States, many different societies have different social classes and systems. So why does social class and system differ from place to place? These are some essential questions that need to be answered. Amazingly, the Caste System in India has been around for thousands of years. The caste system placesRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status1101 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Why do we have social class in our societies? For what purpose does social class, even exist? From the United States, to India, many different societies have different social classes and systems. So why does social class and system differ from place to place? These are some essential questions that need to be answered. Amazingly, the Caste System in India has been around for thousands of years. The caste system placesRead MoreSocial Class Status Of A Child s Parents Essay886 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the impact of how social class makes a difference in family life, specifically the children lives. This book talks about how the social class will determine how children will use their cultivate skills in the future. Through her research, she finds the differences in the parenting styles of twelves families, which all the kids was in the third grade. While reading the book Lareau found that middle class parents practice concerted cultivation, and working class and poor parents practice accomplishmentRead MoreHow Chaucer Examines Class and Social Status in The Canterbury Tales690 Words   |  3 Pagesoccurrence. We recently talked about the Jerry Sandusky case, Discuss the ways in which Chaucer examines class and social status in The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales is absorbed in the minutiae of the three estates, or the distinctions between class and social status. In many ways, too, it seems to act as a parody on the various classes. The three estates are each divided into their specific class. There is the clergy (those who pray); the nobility (those who fight); and the commoner or peasantryRead MoreSocial Stratification in Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Max Webers Class, Status and Party474 Words   |  2 PagesSocial Stratification in Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Max Webers Class, Status and Party Social stratification is the ranking of members of society in a way that some of its members are regarded as superior and others as inferior. This theory is certainly debated in present time and was debated as far back as 1776 when Karl Marx presented his theory in his Manifesto of the Communist Party. In the 1880s, Max Weber combatted that document in his ownRead MoreSocial Class And Education : How Socioeconomic Status And Family Background Can Affect The Learning Outcomes Of Many Children1605 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter three on Social Class and Education discusses how socioeconomic status and family background can affect the learning outcomes of many children in school. Lois Weis points out that the students who are from low-income families are suffering educationally because they have no choice but to attend schools that are in poor areas and they tend receive a lower level of instruction (Weis, 2016). Students who fall under a category of middle to upper class can attend schools that are in better areas

Wildlife Management in Africa Essay - 1683 Words

Wildlife Management in Africa In the past three decades, many of Africas wild animals have suffered a massive decline in population due to poaching. Africa is the worlds second largest continent and home to thousands of species of animals. Unlike in North America, most of these animals roam completely free in an almost totally undeveloped environment. In attempt to save these animals from possible extinction, anti-poaching laws have been enacted by governments throughout Africa, as well as an international ban on ivory trade. Anti-poaching regulations have in turn stemmed the formation of programs and policies for the management of Africas wildlife. Poaching: Background Poaching, the illegal killing of protected animals,†¦show more content†¦They imposed laws that forbad the killing of these animals, but offered no alternative for those whose livelihood came from the animals (Butler, Mar1995; 40). The programs that were implemented were enforcement programs: many with a policy of shoot to kill (poachers). For example, in 1984, Zimbabwe implemented Operation Stronghold, whose main policy was to shoot poachers on site. Kenya has similar policies in their game parks, in retaliation to the poachers poaching park rangers (Hogan, 13). This attempt to secure animal populations has often cut off the human population in the immediate area from a valuable source of both income and food. Wildlife and Rural Inhabitants Many rural communities depend on farming as livelihood. Only 5 percent of the land in Africa is considered suitable for intensive agriculture, which therefore makes farming difficult (Child, 1997). Wild animals, especially elephants, make it even more difficult to eek out a living on the African landscape because they like to eat the crops, devastating the farmers income. In order to avoid or reduce damage from elephants, farmers have tried various strategies to deter them. Especially during the harvest season, farmers expend a great deal of labor attempting to guard their fields from elephants. Different methods, such as lighting fires, beating drums, and even firing guns into the air are tried. However, farmers explain that elephants, with their greatShow MoreRelatedThe Poaching Of The Sub Saharan Africa1094 Words   |  5 Pagesin Sub-Saharan Africa and its Effects on the Locals and the Economy Introduction Topic: The poaching of animals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Thesis: The illegal activity of killing animals in Sub-Saharan Africa has caused many short and long terms affects for this continent. Importance: This is important because poaching has affected the local people, the environment, and the economy and will continue for future generations. Topic Sentence: Trafficking animals in Sub-Saharan Africa has greatly affectedRead MoreHunting : The Benefits Of Wildlife Conservation1237 Words   |  5 Pagesconservation of wildlife. Hunting is widely considered a crucial part of wildlife conservation. Hunting benefits wildlife by controlling the population, raising funds for wildlife conservation, and protect wildlife. In America, there are 15 million hunters annually (â€Å"Hunting conservation†1). Hunting is a common activity around the world. Hunting is performed for several reasons. Some hunt to provide food, while others hunt for enjoyment. Hunters are among the foremost supporters of wildlife conservationRead MoreWhy Hunters Should Not Hunting871 Words   |  4 Pagesmain source of wildlife conservation funding through their purchases of licenses, firearms and ammunition.† All the money that is generated from hunting licenses all go back to wildlife conversation annually they make up to 1.6 billion dollars. Hunters are the driving force when it comes to protecting the wildlife and conserving the environment. Jeff Vonk who is secretary of the South Dakota Department of Fish, Game and Parks and president of the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies has saidRead MoreHuman Wildlife Conflicts in Kenya1511 Words   |  7 PagesDurban, South Africa from September 8–17, 20 04, and was attended by approximately 3,000 protected area experts, practitioners, and decision makers. The 5th WPC brought human–wildlife conflict (HWC) to the global stage as part of an effort to address current challenges facing protected area management and conservation. The HWC recommendation was informed by a technical workshop that was part of the WPC proceedings. The workshop entitled â€Å"Creating Coexistence Between Humans and Wildlife: Global PerspectivesRead MoreFarming and Natural Resource Dynamics under Public-Private Partnership in Eastern Zambia1583 Words   |  6 Pages1.1. Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM): Opening Doors for Market-Oriented Approaches Over the past twenty years, CBNRM has been adopted as a panacea for achieving sustainable NRM and rural economic development in East and Southern Africa [13]. CBNRM was born out of the wisdom that most causes of rural resource degradation take place due to centralised governance systems that exclude local communities from accessing resources in protected areas [14]. Thus, Nyirenda et al. [15]Read MorePreserving Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park Essay examples1524 Words   |  7 Pagesunique natural formations provide shelter for a wide variety of animals, according to the report that was given to UNESCO. â€Å"According to the unep-wcmc.org site, the Manovo-Gounda St floris National Park is the biggest savanna park in west and central Africa. The parks land offers a wide variety of environments; The Park savannas cover around seventy percent of the park (CAR, 1992, unep-wcmc.org).† Species of major concern reported by Central African Republic, within the parkRead MoreMajor Environmental Issues Facing Zimbabwe Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Environmental Issues facing Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is the second most industrialized country in SADC, after South Africa. Industries are concentrated around Harare, with ore smelters located close to the ore sources (principally along the Great Dyke). A combination of vehicle emissions, dust and smoke from domestic fires is a potential air quality concern in larger cities such as Harare. Water is not generally abundant, and the maintenance of water quality is a serious issue. Biodiversity preservation Read MoreThe Big Hunting Game By Ernest Hemingway And Theodore Roosevelt1372 Words   |  6 Pagesanimals, and this allowed him to have a fixed residence and hunting was no longer necessary, though not as much. Now, the hunt is no longer practiced for food, but for fun and sport, called Big Hunting. Captured and killed for trophies sport in Africa, the hunting of animals is a real business. The charm of the big game is never set; it is timeless. Past the period of the great explorations of the great Victorian and white hunters such as Ernest Hemingway and Theodore Roosevelt, the desire to huntRead MoreWhy Animals Can Not Fight For Animals1225 Words   |  5 PagesThough these people may be right, it does not change that animals have been a crucial part of humanization. Medical research and companies use animals in very extreme ways to help the human race; and big game hunters are killing animals in Western Africa to make space for more human civilization. Hunters have become a main donor to western Africa’s conservation fund to raise money for animals in the safari, and captive breeding is being done in zoos to save species of animals who are close to becomingRead MoreDeveloping an Action Plan for Central Kalhari Game Reserve961 Words   |  4 PagesKalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), which is a destination located in central part of Botswana according to (Department of Wildlife and Nature Parks 2014). Furthermore this park is the biggest nature park in Botswana and the 3rd in Africa with 52 800 square kilometres. The main source of economic drive is through the tourism sector through the niche of wildlife tourism (Department of Wildlife and Nature Parks 2014). This niche makes a revenue turnout of 833 085 (Botswana Institutes of Policy Development 2006)

Project Management Design Life Cycle †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Design Life Cycle. Answer: Introduction A proper design lifecycle helps in developing a high quality system that meets the expectation of the customers. A planned approach in a project helps in timely completion of the project. The case study aims at development of an official e commerce website for XYZ Company as a plan to expand their business (Laudon 2013). The project implementation that is the development of website should be completed as soon as possible. The case study discusses in detail the approach or the method of the design life cycle that is used in the project, which is SDLC. The different phases of software development life cycle include requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment phase, operations and maintenance. The case study analyzes the importance and function of these phases in implementation of a project, which is in this case, is the development of an e commerce website (Highsmith 2013). Software/system Development life cycle (SDLC) is a systemic approach of project management that breaks down the entire project work into a number of phases for proper administration and execution of each phase. It is a framework that defines the different tasks that are performed in the entire lifecycle of software development. It is a methodology that improves the quality and overall development process of a software (Massey and Satao 2012). The different activities or phases of a software development life cycle are planned before the implementation of the project. The company XYZ is planning to develop a secure website to expand their business in field of e commerce. SDLC life cycle is chosen for this project in order to progress with the project in a strategic manner. The different phases of a system development life cycle consist of requirement analysis and feasibility study of the project, planning or the designing phase, implementation or execution phase, testing the system and its deployment followed by the maintenance phase (Alshamrani and Bahattab 2015). Requirement Analysis The requirement analysis of is an important phase of a project development. Considering this project, the different requirement analysis of the project includes detailed planning of the number of pages in the website, designing of database and linking it to the website, selecting an appropriate design of the website, setting up a copyright policy of the website. The company XYZ plans to develop a responsive design and an interactive website and therefore, proper research is necessary before implementing the project (Bassil 2012). This step of design lifecycle is very essential to determine the expected schedule and cost of a project. Apart from coding, one of the major aspects of a good website is its design and ease of usage. Another major part of requirement analysis is performing a detailed feasibility study of the project. The company has already laid a feasibility research. Market value analysis of the project declares the project is feasible to implement. Feasibility study ensures that a project is justifiable legally, technically and economically. Hence, this is considered as a major phase of a design life cycle. The economic feasibility is mostly considered in implementation of small projects such as development of website. The payback and cost benefit analysis is important to evaluate in order to estimate the payback period of the website (Balaji and Murugaiyan 2012). Designing phase is another major aspect of a design life cycle. In the project discussed, a proper design of the website has to be laid. Apart from coding of the website, selecting an appropriate design of the web pages making use of the CSS is required to make the website look attractive. The design of a website plays a vital role in increasing the traffic of the website. SDLC model of project development have a dedicated designing phase that plays a vital role in development of any project. The designing phase of the website development for XYZ Company consists of appointing a content writer who would identify and manage the contents that should be incorporated in the website. Furthermore, the design phase also deals with the designing of the user interface of the user. The company has planned to develop a responsive website; therefore, the design should be based on supporting the interactive feature of the e commerce website to be developed (Fuggetta Di Nitto 2014). The implementation phase is the third and most important phase of a SDLC model. This is an important phase of a design life cycle as the project team members work for developing the actual product or the software in this phase. SDLC is a non-iterative process and therefore, implementation phase follows the design phase of the project life cycle. In this particular project of developing a website, the implementation phase mainly deals with the coding of software. This phase can be further subdivided into two parts, one is designing of the front end of the website that is coding of the interface, while the other is coding of the database followed by linking the database with the website. Proper implementation of the database of the website is as important aspect of a website development. The website to be developed is an e commerce website and therefore ensuring a securing website is essential. The transaction details and the personal information of the customers that will be saved in the database should be properly encrypted to maintain the data confidentiality. This must be included in the coding phase of the software development. The implementation phase is considered as the most important phase of software development life cycle as it focuses on building the web according to the set design (Stark 2015). HTML language and CGI is used as basic coding language along with java script. Knowing the definite purpose and goal of a website is essential for proper implementation of a website. In the designing phase, the design of the website is laid according to the target audience. Furthermore, a set goal is important to evaluate how the website is going to perform or whether it has any scope of improvement in future. The knowledge about the target audience helps in designing and developing the appropriate content (Barnes and Hunt 2013). Implementation phase of the software development is followed by the testing phase in a design life cycle. The SDLC approach discussed in this case study also deals with an extensive testing phase of the software to unhide the bugs present in the system. The testing phase is one of the major aspects of a design life cycle as it helps in eliminating the bugs from the system. Software testing is generally required to point out the defects and errors that are made during the development phases of the project. Testing is furthermore important to ensure the quality of the product. Testing measures how effective, the performance of the software is and therefore, it is a crucial step of any design life cycle. This phase of SDLC allows the coders or the developers to check whether the code and the program working according to the set criteria (Lewis 2016). In this project, all types of functional testing have been carried put in order to unveil the bugs present in the system. These includes unit testing, integration testing and system testing includes the white box and black box testing. The code developed was needed to be tested against the requirements in order to ascertain whether the product is solving the needs that were gathered during the requirement analysis phase. This phase is followed by the testing phase and includes delivery of a finished product to the client. This phase of SDLC consist of beta testing that is required to identify the bugs that might be still present in the system. If any bug is caught in this phase, the engineering team is at once reported about the bug so that the issue can be fixed. Once the engineering team resolves the issues, the final deployment of the software can take place. The initial deployment phase of the software includes a project review by the project management team to know about the views of the customer (Model 2015). This phase of a design lifecycle model helps to enables the product to be used in real environment generally by the end users of the product. However, there are certain rules of the deployment phase that should be followed by the project team in order to ensure the appropriate deployment of the code and technology. One of the major phases of deployment is preparation and procedure phase wh ere the project teams should generally install the software and ensures proper installation. The project team members are responsible for proper installation of the software and instruct the users about the working of the software in the information technology environment (Sabale and Dani 2012). After the installation phase of the software, the project team members implement the code and the program to different systems in the location of deployment such as an organization. This is an extensive process since every computer of the organization should be deployed with the software developed. Another major functionality of the deployment phase of the software includes the client sign off phase or transferring the ownership to the business owner. This indicates that after the successful deployment of the software, the business owner will be responsible for the maintenance of the system (Mishra and Dubey 2013). In the project of development of an e commerce website for XYZ Company, the initial deployment phase includes launching the website for performing the beta testing. Once the beta testing is successfully completed and the identified bugs are removed, the final website launching is carried out. The successful launching of the website marks the end of the deployment phase of the SDLC model. In the end of the deployment phase, the project team members generally gather the customers feedback in order to improve the successive projects. With the end of the deployment phase, the project marks its end (Alshamrani and Bahattab 2015). However, in order to ensure proper functioning of the website, proper maintenance of the same is essential. Therefore, maintenance phase is a crucial phase of a design life cycle. Maintenance phase of the software comes into play once the system or the software is operational. This is generally done to implement certain changes in the system or the software for ensuring the smooth operation of the system. Furthermore, the system or software might require addition of new requirements that are generally evaluated in the maintenance phase (Stoica, Mircea and Ghilic-Micu 2013). After the successful deployment of the new website for XYZ Company, the operational bugs are identified in the maintenance phase. Maintenance phase deals with handling of the residual errors that can exist in a software even after a thorough testing phase. It is further used to monitor the performance of the system, rectifying the operational bugs present on the system and enhancing the performance of the system. Furthermore, this is crucial for linking the experiences of the customers with the organization. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be deduced that using a proper design life cycle is very essential for successful implementation of a project. This case study deals with the deployment of an e commerce website for XYZ Company following a proper design life cycle model, which is SDLC. The software development lifecycle model is a non-iterative process that plans the development of a system or a software in a systematic way. The case study discusses the different phases of the SDLC model and explains in brief how these phases were implemented for developing an e commerce website for XYZ Company. The software development life cycle model is used for this project, as it is a conceptual model that includes policies and procedures for proper implementation of the project. Testing phase is the most important phase of a design life cycle model as it unveils the bugs present in the system and also checks whether the system is developed according to the requirements. References Alshamrani, A. and Bahattab, A., 2015. A comparison between three SDLC models waterfall model, spiral model, and Incremental/Iterative model.International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI),12(1), p.106. Balaji, S. and Murugaiyan, M.S., 2012. Waterfall vs. V-Model vs. Agile: A comparative study on SDLC.International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management,2(1), pp.26-30. Barnes, S. and Hunt, B. eds., 2013.E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Bassil, Y., 2012. A simulation model for the waterfall software development life cycle.arXiv preprint arXiv:1205.6904. Fuggetta, A. and Di Nitto, E., 2014, May. Software process. InProceedings of the on Future of Software Engineering(pp. 1-12). ACM. Highsmith, J. 2013.Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-Wesley. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013.E-commerce. Pearson. Lewis, W.E., 2016.Software testing and continuous quality improvement. CRC press. Massey, V. and Satao, K.J., 2012. Comparing various SDLC models and the new proposed model on the basis of available methodology.International Journal,2(4). Mishra, A. and Dubey, D., 2013. A comparative study of different software development life cycle models in different scenarios.International Journal of Advance research in computer science and management studies. Model, W., 2015. Waterfall model.Luettavissa: https://www. waterfall-model. com/. Luettu,3. Sabale, R.G. and Dani, A.R., 2012. Comparative study of prototype model for software engineering with system development life cycle.IOSR Journal of Engineering,2(7), pp.21-24. Stark, J., 2015. Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Stoica, M., Mircea, M. and Ghilic-Micu, B., 2013. Software development: Agile vs. traditional.Informatica Economica,17(4), p.64.

Undaunted Courage Essay Example For Students

Undaunted Courage Essay NameProfessor American History 1301DateA Brief Look at Stephen E. Ambroses Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American WestUndaunted Courage is a very detailed account of what Ambrose considers the most important expedition in American history, Lewis and Clarks exploration of the west. Ambrose attempts to project Thomas Jeffersons vision of a country that stretches from sea to shining sea, of an open road to the west, of an Empire of Liberty. Ambrose repeatedly shows how important the expedition was to the United States and especially to Thomas Jefferson by giving examples of the powers given to Lewis by Jefferson in order to complete the expedition. Lewis is given a letter of credit signed by Thomas Jefferson authorizing him to draw on any agency of the U.S. government anywhere in the world, anything he wanted (Ambrose 95). He is also given the power to choose his own team including his co-leader William Clark whom he had served under in th e army and knew to be a tough woodsman accustomed to command (Ambrose 97). Ambrose focuses mainly on Meriwether Lewis, the leader of the expedition and Secretary to President Jefferson. He is very in-depth in his description of Lewiss character and his philosophies concerning slavery, Native Americans, and his general political beliefs. He gives detailed descriptions of the many new species of animals and plant life that are discovered, the Indian tribes they encountered, and the awe and wonderment they experienced with each new discovery. He also discusses at great length the many hardships that they experienced along the way including dealing with unfriendly Indians, crossing portages, surviving harsh winters, and the expeditions only casualty, the death of Sergeant Charles Floyd, a relative of Clark. Ambrose is a skilled writer and he relied heavily on the journals kept by the Corp of Discovery and his own vast knowledge of the subject to tell the story and be as historically acc urate as possible. One would think this combination would produce an epic tale impossible to put down. This was not the case for me. I found the book to be a chore to read. It seemed to be too wordy. He would give long detailed descriptions of conversations and events when a simpler one would do. I also believe it tended to read as a text book or journal rather than a novel. Every third paragraph begins with a date as if it were a diary or timeline. There was little continuity to the storyline. Once these flaws are recognized another becomes apparent, its incredible size. It is a voluminous text of almost five hundred pages! This is another example of how his attention to detail might have worked against him. The story could have been told in much fewer pages and reading the story might not have been so fatiguing. Another problem I had with the book is that he used the periods correct vernacular so any quotes or dialogue are in this flowery poetic style which does not lend itself to readability. At times, it was like reading Shakespeare. I think perhaps he spent too much effort relaying the events accurately and not enough developing the characters. I do not believe I am judging this book too harshly, for I have read many historical novels with which to compare it including Gods and Generals and The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara and the many books in Bernard Cornwells Richard Sharpe series. All of these books deal with historical events from the point of view of the actual people that were involved with them but, Undaunted Courage fails to capture the readers attention and entertain the way Shaaras and Cornwells novels do. Instead of eagerly anticipating what new exciting adventures lay in the next chapter, I found myself eagerly awaiting the end of the book. In all, I do not think I would recommend Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West to anyone who was not an insomniac. If reading the book does not put you to sleep, it is big enough to thump yourself on the head and knock yourself out. Works CitedAmbrose, Stephen. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. New York: Touchstone, 1996 .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 , .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .postImageUrl , .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 , .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:hover , .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:visited , .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:active { border:0!important; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:active , .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70 .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73c0905eae73a12ee0bb34d90eec3b70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marijuana Essay Thesis We will write a custom essay on Undaunted Courage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Utilitarianism - Slavery Essays - Racism, African Slave Trade

Utilitarianism - Slavery ?Kunta Kinte? the infamous character from the movie Roots was the model slave that many Americans pictured as your typical slave. Most people pictured the slavery era as a dark age of the United States. They picture this part of the U.S. history as the period of suffering and regrettableness. This era has been described as a period of repression and forced labor, however without this episode there would be no modern day United States. In order to survive in a world of fierce completion one needs to do whatever it takes to succeed. For the United States, it needed the cheap labor to be able to become the world power it is now today. Utilitarianism, whenever this word is brought up there is a sense of confusion and question. What is utilitarianism? Although, one may have never heard of the word utilitarianism we have all experienced some form of it. The formal definition of utilitarianism is that it is a principle which requires that whenever we have a choice between alternative actions or social policies we shall choose the one that has the best consequences for everyone involved. This is the single, fundamental, and universal principle of morality. This principle is considered a universal principle that applies to all people at all times, and places. The best consequences mean the best balance of happiness over unhappiness. An example of a controversial issue about utilitarianism is euthanasia. This issue has stirred up much debate and anger. Who must decide if a person should be allowed to die, or live? Should the decision be the patient's, the family's', or should it be the doctor's? This has sparked one of the fiercest debates in our nation today. Most people have had some contact with this specific issue, whether through a personal experience or through the news. We have all developed some personal view about the issue. An example is the case of Dr. Matthew Donnelly. He was a physicist who worked with X-rays for 30 years, and as a result of this exposure he contracted cancer. He lost part of his jaw, his upper lip, his nose, his left hand, and as well as two fingers from his right hand. He lost his ability to see, and his doctor told him that he had about a year to live, but he decided that he did not want to live in this state of constant pain and torture. He begged his three brothers to take him o ut of his misery. Two of the brothers refused but the third one, Harold, who loved his brother very much, obeyed and killed him. This case carried much controversy and debate. Should Harold be charged with murder and what should be done about future cases? Utilitarianism says that the morally right thing to do is to do whatever brings the greatest balance of happiness over non-happiness. On occasions, the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness may be brought about by mercy killing. Chattel slavery in America began in the 15th century. The first black slaves were brought over to America in the year 1619 to Jamestown, Virginia. Brought over to this country by Dutch ships, they were subjected to limited servitude, a legalized status of Native American, white, and black servants preceding slavery in most of the English colonies in the New World. The number of slaves imported was small at first, and it did not seem necessary to define their legal status. Formal recognition of slavery, however, occurred in Massachusetts in 1641, in Connecticut in 1650, and in Virginia in 1661; these statutes mainly concerned fugitive slaves. With the development of the plantation system in the southern colonies in the latter half of the 17th century, the number of Africans imported as agricultural slave laborers increased greatly, and several northern coastal cities became centers of the slave traffic. Generally, in most of the northern colonies, slaves were used as domestics and in trade; in the Middle Atlantic colonies they were used more in agriculture; and in the southern colonies, where plantation agriculture was the primary occupation, almost all slaves were used to work the plantations. As African slaves became an increasingly important element in the English colonies in America,

U.S presidential candidates essays

U.S presidential candidates essays Comparing the two presidential candidates for the year 2004 can be a bit difficult for the simple reason that the President and Senator disagree practically on all the issues. The main issue that President Bush and Senator Kerry have been debating about the most is the war on terror. The Bush campaign has the advantage that Kerry is not too proud of his voting record and they have used that against him. While on the other hand, the Kerry campaign recently received good news when the report compiled by Charles Duelfer, chief U.N. weapons inspector, was released saying that Saddam Hussein did not in fact possess weapons of mass destruction. With the third and final debate between the two presidential candidates now over, the stakes are high. Still there is only one candidate that will have the chance to occupy the president's chair in the White House, and the one who fits it best is George W Bush. Bush has a voting record to be proud of while Kerry has been categorized by the Bush administration as a "flip-flopper". Kerry now says he is against the war when he supported the president's decision to invade Iraq by voting for the war. The thing that might hurt Kerry the most is that after voting for the war, he voted against federal funding for the troops in Iraq! One thing that both Bush and Kerry agree on is that the stakes could not be any higher. With elections so close at hand, this race looks to be a tough and good one! ...

Pharmacology Oxybutinin Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharmacology Oxybutinin - Case Study Example Patient reported no history of admission in hospital or any surgical operation being performed on him. He reported no instance of injury where there was involvement of the pelvic region. The patient only reported to have gone for checkups when in childhood he had a dizziness feeling and double vision. The patient is the fifth in the family and college student. There is no one in his family with the same condition. The patient reported no use of tobacco or alcoholic drink. No any illicit drug was reported to be used. The patient reported that he like cycling to school. He further reported that he is not involved in sexual activity. Family is likely noncontributory factor. The patient reported no difficulty of breathing. On further of review of system the patient did no report complains of chest pain, shortness of breath whether resting or on exertion. He also reported no orthopnea while lying down. Also on further review there was no reported paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. The patient did not report any chest pain related condition on questioning him. He reported no problem related with blood pressure. He reported no shortness of breath on activity done. The patient did not report paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea related to cardiac disease. The patient reported no shortness of breath, further he reported no snoring at night and apnea. On further review of system the patient did not report use of pillows while sleeping. Also reported no coughing at night and exertional apnea. The patient did not complained of abnormal bowel sound. The patient reported normal colour texture and consistency of stool. The patient reported normal appetite without deviation to the extreme. In addition, the patient reported no nausea and vomiting for the past days, he did not report constipation or diarrhea. The patient also did not complained dysphagia. The patient complained of polyuria and urgency of micturition. The patient reported no pain

Eating habit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eating habit - Essay Example Another advantage of writing down what you eat is that you can also monitor your calorie intake. As a person wanting to maintain a healthy lifestyle and stick to a normal weight, I find this very helpful. Based on the content of the food journal, it is easy to pinpoint how one can examine his eating patterns as well as modify them in order to pursue a healthier lifestyle. Being aware of others' eating habits will allow me to recommend which food to avoid and which food to increase intake of. According to recent scientific studies, there might be a link between genetics and eating habits but in only a small number of people. The assertion that there might be this "fat genes" which makes people obese is not really applicable to everyone. I believe that in the nature and nurture debate, eating habit and lifestyle is still highly dependent on nurture. A person's eating habit is usually acquired from the parents. Food preference specifically is a thing of what parents give their children to eat. Studies show that the taste of mom's breast milk is dependent on what she eats. Thus, even in the early years, environmental factors weigh in considerably. As a person grows old, he often acquires the eating habit of his parents.

Contemporary Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contemporary Ethics - Essay Example Internet and cell phone communications have been cited as tools for Cyber bullying. According to Hopline, what appalls even more is that Cyber bullying occurs during kids’ class time. Hopline cites that cyber bullying has far reaching implications on kids, so that the victims (kids) of cyber bullying only feel safe when in their bedrooms. According to Hopline, it does not under all circumstances hold that cyber bullying causes physical harm. However, cyber bullying is mostly associated with causation of harmful emotional fallout which may cumulate to other gar reaching consequences. Hopeline cites an example of Megan Meier; the girl aged 13 who committed suicide after belittlement by a hacker (her mother’s friend) that posed on MySpace as a boy aged 16 years. Hopline acknowledges that peer to peer cyber bullying is the most rampant, but its implications are not so severe. Effective curbing of cyber bullying would entail instilling of ethical morals among the youth, whic h will help them suit to information technologies. Hopline argues that there can be no an over-reactive approach as parents barring their kids from accessing technology in attempt to curb cyber bullying. Hopline suggests that an appropriate ramification procedure would entail the parents convening to open meetings, where then the parents can share and appropriately advice their kids on cyber bullying. Parents should be tactical so to dispel rebellion from their kids. Parents should not ignore the fact that all have under high risks of cyber bullying; terms such as ‘some kids are immune’ should not exist since all are sensitive to belittlement. Other intervention techniques should encompass teaching the kids on the importance of respect. In the case where kids are cyber-bullied, appropriate intervention procedures should be followed before the situation gets out of hand. It is factual that

Social Reference Groups Family Roles And Status Media Essay

Social Reference Groups Family Roles And Status Media Essay Nowadays, there are more and more products available in the market, often supported by advertising and strong communication. The objective of the study of consumer behaviour or more precisely the customer, is to understand how people buy and consume. This analysis is very complex because each individual is unique and versatile, so not always faithful. In addition, there are many factors you have to take into consideration and there are often uncontrollable. So the actions of buyers are quite difficult to predict. For that you have to understand: What they are What they do What they think How they decide and act According to Schiffman Kanuk, consumer behaviour is principally about the search, the purchase, the use, the evaluation and the disposal of the product and service that they assume will please they needs. Moreover they are some buyer characteristics and psychology, which influence their buyer behaviour. They are four important categories: Cultural: culture, subculture, social class Social: reference groups, family, roles and status Personal: age, life cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, lifestyle, personality and self concept Psychological: motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes Here we will analyse in which way people are influenced by their psychological need, with their personal and social self-concept. But we will also see the possible influence of the symbolic consumption, the reference group influence and also the cultural group influences. First we have to understand the meaning of these words. Self concept: totality of the individuals thoughts and feelings having reference to himself as an object (Rosenberg 1979) According to Burns and Rosenberg, real self is associated with how a person apprehends herself; ideal self is associated with how a person desire to apprehend herself and finally social self is associated with how a person introduces herself to the others. There are at least two reasons: the self-esteem and self consistency (Epstein 1980) The first is associated with the penchant for the search of experiences that reinforce the self-concept. The second is the penchant for someone to act constantly with her view of herself. These two notions could be rival. Symbolic consumption: According to Levy, it is associated with the penchant of the consumer to concentrate on the meanings, apart from the real physical aspect of tangible objects. This is more a social tool who to communicate between the individual and his references (Grubb and Grathwohl, 1967). If you want that your product or brand act as an emblem it has to be culturally spread and shared (Dittmar, 1992). Reference group: A reference group is the group, which forms a comparison or a reference in their attitudes or behaviour. You can be a member or not, but anyway it has an influence, great or no on your opinions, values or attitudes. According to Hebert Hyman, it also means that you use your group as a point of reference in deciding your preferences and believes. The size can be variable, small to very large like political party or religious institution. Cultural group: Culture is what a person of a society learns from family and other important institutions. It could be some: beliefs, values or customs. (Kotler, 1996). By culture you mean societys personality as the language, laws, religions, food customs, music, artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Culture is something you acquire. So cultural group is people who shared a same culture, and you can have three levels of subjective culture: Supranational National Group (e.g.: families, friends, shopping group) IN WHICH WAY PEOPLE ARE INFLUENCED? As we have seen before, a consumer can be influence by some factors like personal, psychological or social characteristics. First, the personal characteristics are particular to one person: Age and life cycle (according to the Royal Bank of Scotland it exists 5 life cycle stage segments: youth, getting started, builders, accumulators and preservers) Occupation, which influence the goods and services who are buying by a consumer. Economic situation (personal income, interest rates, savings) Lifestyle: activities (work, hobbies), interests (food, fashion), opinions (business, products) Personality: multi-trait approach (five-factor model), single-trait approach (consumer ethnocentrism, need for cognition, consumers need for uniqueness) Self-concept: self-image The self-concept is a multidimensional assembly (Hamm and Cunfiff, 1969; Hughes and Guerrero, 1971; Guttman, 1973) that allows people to judge them in many circumstances of social situations. :aspects_of_self_concept_002-17.gif (Hunter 2012) Broad aspects of self-concept PERSONAL SELF-CONCEPT Self-concept is often linked to the brand personality (Levy 1959, Sirgy 1982), because people usually buy a brand they think they are matching with (Dent-Read Szokolsky, 1993; Zalthman, 1997). The aim is for the consumer to fraternize with the brand. Landon (1974) thinks that people are interested in brands that fit their self-concept and personality. E.g.: Body Shop: justice and equity Brand personality, according to Jennifer Aaker is the characteristics, which are accompanied with a brand. E.g.: Pepsi is seen as young while Coca-Cola is seen as real and honest According to Kardes et al (2011), if the main goal of the marketers is to do brand awareness, then they have to cultivate a communication with real self-concept. We can take LOreal with is slogan Because Im worth it or Apple with Im a Mac or Im a PC. To the contrary if they want to change beliefs about the brand, they have to focus on ideal self-concepts. For example: US Armys slogan Be all you can be; Pateck Philippe Who will you be in the next 24 hours?) But does the brand personality really count? According to Freling, Crosno and Henard (2011) they have demonstrate in one test the effectiveness of their system based on three constituents: favourability, originality and clarity. These are directly related to the purchase decision. Attributes of products can lead to a characteristic identity for a person. For example, a teenager his with fashion jacket, which is making him self-confident, and permit to feel like a cool guy. Most of the people are carrying about some of their objects that make them what they are. And sometimes if you loose them you feel like you have lost a piece of you. We can take the example of someone who would have been robbed; very often he will have the impression of being raped. It is the same with the natural catastrophes where the people feel very depressed or are experiencing a decrease of their sense of self. Another example is in Ireland nowadays, a tradition wants that people are buried with some of their very important values objects. So we can say that the products can influence the self-concept we use and have. Russel Belk has widely contributed to the development of the extended self-notion, but William James is at the origin of the conviction that the objects we have can help the construction of our identity and that people are thanks to what they have. His physical and psychological aspect does not only define the person but also his wife and his children or the house and clothes he owns. Another example could be the automobile, according to Banning (1996), for a lot of Americans it is a valuable piece of they self. They are spending a lot of time taking care of their car. Other people are decorating their office with personal items or pictures. They also like according to Tian and Belk (2005) people like to express their personality through objects they have on their desk as mobile phone or notebook. Some people think that they could not live without these technologies. They are like a part of their brains. Moreover, the choices of the aspects you decide to affirm in the workplace demonstrate the way you are arbitrating between home and work borders. Most of the products you have are independent from your physical aspect (except from the haircut, tattooà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we can also talk about diet and plastic surgery). By buying a certain product you can show your singularity. According to Tian et al, the research of the singularity shows the need that people have to develop and improve their social and self-personality thanks to the purchase and use of products. It allows them to make a distinction from those who are buying other products. Due to this need marketers have developed the personalized purchases (e.g. Converse, Nike or some shop where you can do your own tee-shirt). Some objects have become indispensable, like mobile phone that are permitting people to be connected with the others, but also for the adolescent to feel more adult. SOCIAL SELF-CONCEPT According to Whyte, the possession of an innovative property demonstrates the model of the interpersonal communication. With his example about the air conditioner, he says that social conformity is very high in America. So when people are exchanging with their neighbours about their new purchase it animates them to do the same purchase. Nowadays, there are the same things in residential sphere with swimming pools, trampolines, and television satelliteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Whyte also talk about the corporate norms, which stimulate conventionality in offices. Moreover, the word of mouth (viral marketing can be associated with it) is one of the most relevant things in influencing people, in a bad or a good way. People are widely influences by their relatives and people they are seeing like friends, work partners and journalists for example. As they are submerging by advertising the informal power is even stronger and often decisive. According to Charles Cooley, self-concept is directly related to the intercommunication with other people. :The_looking_glass_self.png Consumers are influenced by their culture. It could be seen as the personality of a certain society. As a human being, culture is made by some proper characteristics like demography, norms, art or traditions. It is not easy for a person of a society to certainly define how his culture is. According to Michael Solomon, as we dont face another type of culture or environment, it is difficult to realize what are the differences about the clothes, foods and way of interacting with each other. According to McCracken, a lot of significations in our everyday life products are developed by our culture. They are giving symbolic qualities to products consistent to our culture through advertising. E.g. Calvin Klein with is ads about thinness. It exists some different rituals according to the country: Wedding ceremony for the Jewish New years celebration in France Senior high school prom in America Moreover, people can also be influenced by subcultures. They possess the same value systems established on shared life experiences. There are some characteristics as race and origins. It exists 4 important subcultures in America: Hispanic African American Asian Mature consumers For example they have common characteristics like for American Hispanics (Mexican, Cubans, Costa Ricans): Shopping is something they do in family, they are willing to buy some goods of good quality (generics are not preferred), they are brand loyal and like companies who are interested in them. We can also talk about another subculture: age, with for example the Generation Y (born 1982-2000) who are willing to use more internet than newspapers, use a lot text messaging and spend time on online social networks. :3690640303001.png Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) The reference groups are groups that can form a comparison or a reference in forming attitudes of behaviour. It can be also aspirational, informal, primary and secondary or symbolic. With the reference groups we face new way of behaviours and lifestyles, but it also inspire our attitudes and self-concept. Moreover it can develop ways of pressure to conform to our group, it could influence our products and brand choices. It can be some rock stars, professional athletes, opinion leaders or group like for example Vocalpoint, a community for moms. Celebrities endorsement is usually use in advertising to convince the consumer to choose this brand. Very often, the consumer is not even aware of the behavioural influence of the group. This is especially true is the development of social networks like Facebook, Twitter or forum where consumers talk about their experiences. You are influenced, as this is a relevant aspect of your social life. But for that you have to share the same interests. (Michener Wasserman, 1995). Kathryn Mercurio and Mark Forehand (2011) have shown that when you are watching a television ad that makes you think about your reference group, it is easier for you to remember it. It exists different types of groups like shopping, work, consumer-action, friendship or virtual groups. Shopping group could decrease the risk of your purchase thanks to the opinion of the others. Consumer-action group is for example who are fighting for a cause like Greenpeace. Concerning the friendship group, we could say that its one of those who have the most important influence on purchases with the family one. They are often more trustful with their friends than the marketers. According to Emmanuel Rosen(2002), more than 43% of the people who are travelling have made their choices of planes and hotels thanks to the advice of their friends and family. So people are very attentive to their advices, also for clothes, for the brands their purchase but also for the magazines and the films they will choose. According to Tobi Elkin (2011), the influence of the peer is the first motive in the shopping behaviour of the teenage girls. Even if they are price-conscious and attentive to interesting deal, the most important thing is that their friends and family agree with their purchase decision. With the appearance and development of Internet, virtual groups are borne. Hoegg et al (2006) recognized five types: Blogs Wikis Podcasts Social networks Social bookmarking This kind of online activity has totally changes the ways people are influenced; it has a relevant role with brand connections. Because people can easily learn about the brand they like and people are sharing recommendations for brand through these sites. Finally they are a lot of ways whereby the consumer is influenced. It could be by discussing the product, or by the pressure of the peer, by imitation or by the influence of social media. We have seen that a reference group can have a wide influence on people, principally by playing an informational role. They could also have an utilitarian influence, because people are looking for acceptance and approval. Reference groups can also be value-expressive, because they are ready to conform to the group due to the psychological need to be part of the group. They can compare their selves to the others. (Schiffman et al., 2008). According to Saul Kassin, Steven Fein and Hazel Markus (2010), we all are animate by the actions of other people. (E.g.: when someone is laughing you are often tempted to laugh too or for the musicians who are putting some of their money to encourage people to donate). Consumer conformity is when people change their behaviour to adapt to the other consumers (e.g.: compliance or private acceptance). According to Solomon Asch(1951), during a study when the judgement of a person is in conflict with the opinion of most of the other participants, he generally changes is mind even if they are wrong. There is also the anti-conformist who is willing to stop buying a brand when it is too popular (e.g.: Apple) CONCLUSION To conclude, we can say that self-concept is not just about our essential values or interests but it is also about people who are around us like family, friends, intimate relationship and group of interest. (William James, 1980). Self-concept can be related to social connections with our peers, our families or even with our reference groups. They are often using the reaction of other people to construct their opinion and themselves but also by using social comparisons. So the personal and social concept is closely related to the symbolic consumption, reference groups and social groups. Relationships are something very relevant for the construction of themselves. We have also seen that we are more willing to process the information that is consistent with our self-concept and that our self-image could be multiple (family self, friend self, student self).

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process

Jonathan HoffsuemmerA serious problem seen by nurse practitioners that work in rural areas is teen pregnancy. A peer-reviewed research paper published by The Journal for Nurse Practitioners entitled â€Å"Who Will Listen? Rural Teen Pregnancy Reflections.† There are both medical and social concerns that occur with teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy statistic shows that teen mothers give birth to premature babies with low birth weight. The social aspect is teen mothers do not complete high school and lives in poverty. These situations rank high in abuse and neglect with teen parents.Definition of the ProblemRural areas show the highest rate of teen pregnancy compared to state rates, which produces a problem that researchers are questioning why this rate is higher in the rural areas. The Theory of Adolescent Sexual Decision Making (TASDM) is the basis this research was conducted to resolve. This theory has two main objectives that include the risk-promoting environments teens experi ence and exposure to risky situation that create the situations teens use to justify sexual behavior (Weiss, 2012).The problem with teen pregnancy produces premature birth and low birth weight in the babies. A medical problem with teen pregnancy is the medical expenses incurred with both teenager and infant. These statistics indicate that teen pregnancy result from family with no insurance and no means to pay the medical expenses teen pregnancy incurs. The social problem teen pregnancy presents are that teen mothers tend not finish high school. Teen pregnancy results in low income rates, the need for higher public assistance, poor educational, behavioral, and health problem in children.Study PurposeThe purpose of the study is to understand the decision-making of teens and why teen pregnancy is higher in the rural areas of the country. The TASDM theory indicates that environment promotes the situation of peer influences, substance use, and media influences (Weiss, 2012). The study wi ll focus on the thought process of teens as to why teens make the choice become sexually activity and risk the consequence of becoming pregnant.Research QuestionThe researchers are studying the question of why teen pregnancy is higher in rural areas. Teen pregnancy occurs because of the lack of prevention that teens do not use and why teens make these types of decisions. The essay directions were for students to indicating if the teens thought there was a teen pregnancy problem in the community (Weiss, 2012). The researchers’ directions were only one question to determine the thought processes of both male and female teens regarding teen pregnancy.HypothesisThe study does not state a hypothesis, but strives to understand why there is a higher rate of teen pregnancies in rural areas. The study will evaluate the difference between boys and girls views about teen pregnancy. The study only has one main focus, but the study derives different variables of the hypothesis. The study reviews the thoughts as to how teens perceive sex as good, bad, or ambivalent.Study VariablesThe two variables in the study are independent and dependent variables. The independent variables in the study are the essays that the students wrote defining their views about teen pregnancy in rural areas. The dependent variables are the reasons teen pregnancies occur, which include the idea of  whether sexual activity is good or bad. The study reviews the conception teens have of sexual activities, which studies the prevalence regarding beliefs, consequences to actions, and consequences to others (Weiss, 2012).Conceptual Model or Theoretical FrameworkThis study uses the theoretical framework for the study. The theoretical perspective of study analyzes the answers obtained from participates against the Theory of Adolescent Sexual Decision Making theories. These theories measure the decision-making teens use in determining the risk of teen pregnancy. The theoretical framework weights the consequences associated with the risks and how teenage boys and girls perceive teen pregnancy. These perceptions that teens are reporting in the study are weighted against the two ground theories of risk-promoting environments and risky sexual behavior. â€Å"Using constant comparative methods, the data were analyzed using the MAX Qualitative Data Analysis © software† (Weiss, 2012, p. 805).Review of LiteratureThe literature review of the article addresses the issues of low parental guidance as a significant factor to teen making risky behavior decisions. The fact that rural areas indicate that teens view there is nothing much to do is a contributing factor to teen pregnancy. The education regarding sexual behavior and prevention methods were noted to be lacking in the rural areas. This factor indicates that financial support to provide for after school programs contributes to the notation that there is nothing to do for teens. This is a contributing factor to the higher rat e of teen pregnancy in rural communities.Study DesignThe study design was conducted in Florida involving 125 10th grade students. These students consisted of both male and female from age 15 to 17. The students were from an English class and were asked to write an essay on if they thought teen pregnancy was a problem in their community. The teens  wrote the essay during an English class in high school. This study was conducted with the approval of the institutional review board, teacher, and administrator.

Economics and United States Essay

Introduction to Allstar Brand Allstar Brand is a United States based consumer products company that produces and sells ethical (prescription) pharmaceuticals, OTC (over-the-counter or nonprescription) drugs, and consumer products. It is an $8.9 billion firm that was formed in 1924 and competes with a variety of larger and smaller firms, depending on the product market. It has a number of leading brands in various product categories. Over the years, it has expanded its product category width through internal new product development and acquisition of brands as well as companies. Allstar has operations in Europe and alliances in Asia. These have proven to be very successful markets that performing exceedingly well. But these markets are maturing very quickly, and with increased competition and slowing populations, it is now necessary to look elsewhere for continued growth and profit margins. The Allstar Board believes that to generate the kind of growth needed to drive their stock price, Allstar needs to develop a market presence in South America. South America is a region of great potential. With a population of approximately 450 million, the region represents a population that is 50 percent larger than that of the United States and Canada. The dominant national language across South America is Spanish, as is the case with Argentina. A variety of trade enhancement actions have put in place in recent years. The MERCOSUR agreement was set up among the South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, including association agreements (but not membership) with Bolivia. This agreement reduces trade barriers among these countries and has encouraged a variety of companies to establish production inside their borders to take advantage of low labor costs and fairly seamless access to neighboring markets. For accounting purposes at Allstar’s corporate offices, revenues and costs are converted into US$. Therefore, fluctuations in the exchange rate will affect consolidated reports directly. Allsmile Demographics Allsmile, a toothpaste brand, is a key asset of Allstar Brands. It is one of the company’s highest recognition brands in the United States. It is produced in the United States and in Germany for the United States and European markets, respectively. A large number of stock keeping units (SKUs) are produced. South Korean and Japanese manufacturers also produce Allsmile under license for distribution and sales in Asia. There have been reformulations of the brand, but as of today, the product formulations are essentially the same across all markets for a given SKU (although there are slight differences in packaging and in the type and intensity of flavoring that are thought to reflect regional preferences). With an entrance to South America, it may end up being cost effective to build a plant in South America instead of shipping products from the United States. Current world toothpaste sales total approximately $10 billion. The largest country market for toothpaste is the United States, with $1.4 billion spent during the past year. Toothpaste is available in a number of sizes, delivery systems, textures (paste or gel), and formulations. The basic toothpaste product is a paste or gel with flavoring and one or more active ingredients that provide specific benefits to consumers. A general description of these variations in the United States market is listed below. It is important to note that not all companies produce all possible combinations as each company determines where the holes in the market are and where the most money can be made. Why Argentina? Below is a market attractiveness index for the potential countries Allstar could enter. We have listed five criteria which we believe most accurately provide the best comparative results. The importance weight displays the percentage of importance to the criteria compared other criteria. Under each country is a rating. The ratings illustrate the importance of the criteria in that specified country. The assessment combines the importance weight of the criteria’s and the overall assessment of the country. As you can see by this chart, we have determined that Argentina would be the best country to sell Allsmile toothpaste. Background on Argentina Argentina is a large country comprised of approximately 1,068,302.2 square miles, slightly smaller than 3/10 the size of the United States. It has a democratic government that was set up in 1983. It has a population of 39.9 million people of which about 49% are male and 51% are female. Of the population, 97.1% of the people ages 15 and higher can read and write. Eighty-eight percent of the population lives in urban areas. The population of Argentina is pretty steady and is only growing at 0.96%. At 97%, Argentina is comprised primarily of Spanish and Italian (white-skinned) people. The life expectancy of Argentina is quite high with males living to 76 years of age and women living to 80. The age structure of Argentina is typical of what it to be expected for a South American country. The Age Structure Chart below shows the different classifications. Argentina’s Economy Argentina currently has a strong economy compared to its neighbors. Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, and an export-oriented agricultural sector. It has a large industrial section. Over the past decade however, the country has suffered recurring economic problems of inflation, external debt, capital flight, and budget deficits. Growth in 2000 was at negative 0.8%, as both domestic and foreign investors remained skeptical of the government’s ability to pay debts and maintain the peso’s fixed exchange rate with the US dollar. The economic situation worsened in 2001 with the widening of spreads on Argentine bonds, massive withdrawals from the banks, and a further decline in consumer and investor confidence. Government efforts to achieve a â€Å"zero deficit,† to stabilize the banking system and to restore economic growth proved inadequate in the face of the mounting economic problems. The peso’s peg to the dollar was abandoned in January 2002, and the peso was floated in February. The exchange rate plunged and real GDP fell by 10.9% in 2002, but by mid-year the economy had stabilized. GDP expanded by about 9% per year from 2003 to 2005. Growth is being led by a revival in domestic demand, solid exports, and favorable external conditions. The government took corrective action and boosted spending ahead of the October 2005 midterm congressional elections, but strong revenue performance allowed Argentina to maintain a budget surplus. Inflation has been rising steadily and has now reached 12.3%. The unemployment rate for Argentina is currently 11.5% which translates to businesses the people have money to purchase products. As you can see on the Market Comparison Chart below, Argentina is the leader in GDP/Capita and is second in GDP Growth and CPI Growth. Argentina’s Infrastructure Argentina, while smaller than some countries in South America, has a great infrastructure. Argentina has 21,183 miles of railways, 129,463 miles of highways, and 6,835 miles of waterways. In addition, Argentina has 11 ports and harbors and 1,333 airports. This expansive infrastructure makes doing business in Argentina very reliable and smooth. As mentioned before, Argentina falls under the MERCOSUR Agreement which allows for seamless transactions between the countries under the agreement (Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and Bolivia). This agreement reduces trade barriers among these countries and has encouraged a variety of companies to establish production inside their borders to take advantage of low labor costs and fairly seamless access to neighboring markets. The chart below shows the benefits of doing business in Argentina. It also points out the extra costs of doing business outside this agreement. When deciding whether to build a plant in Argentina, we recommend looking at another country. It is important to take into effect all factors. For example, one may at first glance think Mexico is the most suitable to manufacturing, and this may be the case if the company was going to do business in the United States or Canada. However, when doing business in South America, it is important to stay within whichever trade agreement you will be doing business under. Otherwise, high tariffs and duties will blanket your company. It is also very important to look at means of distribution, specifically shipping. The table below shows the per unit costs for shipping toothpaste from various manufacturing locations, assuming the usual shipping mode for each origin – destination combination. As you will notice, having a plant in the United States is not so valuable because imports to Latin America come with a high price on shipping comparatively from shipping from within Latin America. As mentioned earlier, it is of great importance to note that in addition to shipping originating within Latin America, one also has no import duties or tariffs if shipping is done within the regional shipping agreements, such as is the case with the MERCOSUR agreement. Distribution channels in Latin America have traditionally been grouped into four categories: traditional, self-serve, hypermarket, and newly emerging is web purchases. Traditional channels are small, independent stores or open market areas almost exclusively served by wholesalers (indirect distribution). Self-serve is a more developed store where customers serve themselves, but that typically offers a narrow line of merchandise. These may be independent or part of a regional chain but are almost all locally owned. Convenience stores and grocery stores would fall in this category. Hypermarkets are a new style of channel that is found primarily in cities. These are usually large stores with a wide variety of goods and typically purchase items directly from the manufacturer (direct distribution). Many of the hypermarket chains are foreign owned or allied with a global distributor, such as Wal-Mart or Carrefour. The chart below shows the toothpaste distribution within each channel.

The Microsoft Antitrust Case Essay submitted by Anonymous

The Microsoft Antitrust Case Essay submitted by Anonymous The case against Microsoft was brought buy the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as several state Attorneys General. Microsoft is accused of using and maintaining monopoly power to gain an unfair advantage in the market. The case has been under observation for a long time, but the Justice department is having trouble coming up with substantial evidence against Microsoft. Specifically, the Department must prove: That Microsoft has monopoly power and is using it to gain unfair leverage in the market. And that Microsoft has maintained this monopoly power through "exclusionary" or "predatory" acts(Rule). Some say that Microsoft is only taking advantage of its position in the market and using innovative marketing strategies to attract new customers. They have chosen to implement a market development strategy to attract new customers who are looking for a system that has Internet capability. Microsoft feels that by integrating their Internet Explorer web browser technology into W! indows, they are only improving its overall functionality available to the customer. Microsoft began expanding into the browser area because of increasing threat from Netscape and Java. Java is the programming language used to make Netscape. Programs that are written in Java can work on any PC, whether it has Windows on it or not. That is why there is a great threat to the Windows environment. The more Netscape is used, the more other vendors will begin writing Netscape compliant programs and the more Java will be used, which puts a damper on Windows. So Windows introduced their Internet explorer to combat the increasing Netscape usage. It did not do this to create a monopoly, but to protect itself. If people realize that Java programs can be run on ANY PC, then they will realize that they do not need to buy Windows. Some say that Microsoft began it's "illegal" agenda when it began requiring PC manufa...

Underground Railroad essays

Underground Railroad essays Throughout the United States, free Blacks were treated as social lived in the North or the South, and they were denied legal and political whites. In addition, public facilities such as hotels, bathrooms, and separated by the concept of "de jure" segregation, or segregation by law. rebel, Nat Turner led some eighty-plus slaves to a revolt in Virginia, and terrified slave owners throughout the South. Social and political controls became tighter, and the beatings and lynching of attempted slave uprisings throughout the mid 1800's in the South. Of course, racism was ubiquitous in the U.S. at the time, not merely fact, even after the progressive abolition movements of the 1830's, free only vote in four New England states, and with the exception of couldn't testify anywhere in court cases that involved whites. They were passports and even denied citizenship after the landmark 1857 U.S. Supreme when Dred Scott tried to claim legal ownership of himself. Even free had to carry certificates of manumission in order to prove to white had been indeed granted freedom. Consequently, free Blacks in the South identified with the travails of slaves, and some forged a bond that would the Civil War and the ultimate abolition of all slave institutions. In the 1830's, Black newspapers such as the "Freedman's Journal" and Star, founded by Frederick Douglass (in 1847) gave Black writers a chance slavery, advocate resistance, and voice their movement for liberation. As States gained new territories out west, slavery came to the forefront of ...

Social Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social Construction - Essay Example These concepts were connected to Greek and Roman mythology. Greek mythology believed in the fact that geographical aspects played a big role in the different people’s physical appearance (Bond 96). They also believed that mankind’s dispositions and forms corresponded to country of origin’s nature. Thus, people from temperate climates were sluggish and unsuitable for labour while those from extreme climates were vigilant, industrious, and sharp. Roman mythology, on the other hand, stereotyped ethnic groups according to characteristics. An example was the intelligence and craftiness of the Egyptians and the effeminist and unwarlike nature of the Syrians. They used this to prove the existence of a God, since not all this could be spontaneous. Unlike the English colonies, Spanish America always was a society that was racially mixed. The early conquerors were men, as were the settlers and the Spanish priests. Apart from possibly the priests, the men were in need of female companionship, and this led to intermarriage becoming a Spanish American life staple (Burr 67). Among Spanish officials of high standing, families and wives were common, but not for the rest of the population of colonialists. This led to a rise of mestizos, or population of mixed race. These mestizos soon became the largest numerical proportion of America’s population. While some of the intermingling and intermarriage was forced, some was voluntary. As the population grew a caste, system was institutionalized classifying people according to the proportion of Indian blood that they had. For centuries, the Spanish had followed laws called the purity of blood, via which public office aspirants, as well as those brought in front of an inquisition, were asked to prove their Christian ancestry as far as 10 generations back (Burr 67). The mestizos were stopped from assuming most offices, as well

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The first reading speed test that I took resulted in a score of 200 words per minute (http://www.readingsoft.com). This score is above average, so it proves that my reading rate is pretty good. The test recommended that I use the FReader software to improve my speed even further. After practicing with this software, I took another test to determine my reading rate (http://learn.eku.edu/webapps/portal/frameset). This website helped me to improve my reading speed considerably. Another website that I used was called Rocket Reader. This assisted me with reading speed, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and stamina. I took this test and received a score of 250-350 words per minute, which was above average. However, it told me that I could improve even further, perhaps up to 500 words per minute, after taking more tests on the Rocket Reader website (http://www.speedreaderxreview.com/free-online-reading-speeding-test). I was pleased with my score with this one: 537 words per minute. The analysis showed that I was an above average reader. It said that if I could this speed up consistently then I should have no problem reading this fast when reading casually. The website also recommended other techniques to help my reading rate even further. The last website that I used told me about the different categories of reading rates. Also mentioned was the steps on how to become a fast

Summary of kristof argumment , his claim and reason on environmental Essay

Summary of kristof argumment , his claim and reason on environmental balance pick up a raffle - Essay Example Taking the first question, in the short essay Kristof hardly gives overwhelming proof, but I get convinced there is some problem. The most persuasive of the presented evidences is where he says that New Jersey â€Å"advocated deer hunting as an ecological need† in paragraph 16 (Red 187). I am less knowledgeable about New Jersey Audubon Society, but I suppose there are fellows greatly interested in nature and conservation and despite such a lot supporting deer hunting, there could be a matter to this solution (Red 187). I also share in his view that in this meat-eaters dominated nation â€Å"wringing one’s hands over dead dear is soggy mentality† (Red 188). As per Kristof, leaving the deer to die from hunger and disease is the current substitute to deer hunting. What I still doubt is that the lacking alternative of reducing deer population apart from hunting. In my view, Kristof’s explanation about certain birth control measures is insufficient. In summary, Kristof’s essay in my view is engaging and he presents a useful idea but I think his comment that â€Å"hunting is as natural as bird watching† in the last paragraph makes readers loose in his

Significant Factor in Leading Essay Example for Free

Significant Factor in Leading Essay In 1914, the First World War broke out. It is the war which involved most of the countries in the world. The Sarajevo Assassination has triggered off the war as Austria-Hungary use it as a war excuse to declare war on Serbia. To a large extent I think that extreme nationalism is the most significant factor in leading the outbreak of the First World War. â€Å"Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind†. This was said by Albert Einstein. Nationalism is the desire of people of the same race and culture to govern themselves and to keep their own way of life. In the Early 19th century, It started common belief of people’s right with liberalism. However, nationalism became more extreme and furious since 1871. People commonly believed that their country was usually right and superior to other country. They aimed to promote the national glory of their country by weakening the others. This resulted in many conflicts. Firstly, for the independence movement of the Balkan states, they aimed to get free from foreign rule and thus the Eastern Question emerged. Eastern Question means a series of problems happened in the Balkans. It had a nasty long term effect on international relationship. It was true to say that it caused by the rise of Balkan nationalism. Powers would not give way because Balkan is strategically important and most importantly, for the sake for promoting national glory. Secondly, for the Pan-German Movement, Germany wanted to build a big German empire. She wanted to expand into the Balkans and West Asia. This alarmed the powers like Britain and Russia and increased the tension between the powers. Thirdly, for the Pan-Slav Movement, Russia wanted to unite all Slavs into a big Slav state under Russian leadership. These complicated the Eastern Questions and had conflicts with Austria-Hungary. Fourthly, for the Greater Serbia Movement, Serbia wanted to expand Serbia and united her with Bosnia-Herzegovina and Albania. This worsened the Austro-Serbian relationship and brought two Balkan Wars which increased Austro-Serbian hostilities. In addition, the wars made Austria-Hungary became more determined to crush Serbia. The crisis made Europe toward to the First World War and the Sarajevo Assassination made it speed up even more. As the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by Princip, the member of Black Hand. This provided Austria-Hungary had the excuse to attack Serbia. Finally, the war broke out. Fifthly, for the revenge movement led by France, she wanted to take revenge on Germany owing to her lost of Alsace-Lorraine and the humiliation suffered from the Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck started the alliance system to isolate France and avoid a two-front war against Germany. Therefore, the Three Emperor’s League was formed by Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary. But finally, the Three Emperor’s League broke up. In the First World War, The two rival alliances were Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. They agreed to assist each other if they were attacked by other powers. But this didn’t contribute a lot to the First World War, it only increased the mutual suspicion and distrust between the powers. Besides, powers formed the alliances for self-protection. Therefore, compared with extreme nationalism, it is not a significant factor. Sixthly, for the expansion, Germany, France, Britain and Russia both wanted to get national glory by building a big colonial empire by strengthening their armaments. This resulted in the colonial rivalry. Due to the saturation of the European market, powers competed with one another to acquire direct control over the colonies. When William II became the new Kaiser, Germany adopts an active colonial policy. He aimed to get more colonies to get national glory as colonies were a symbol of national strength. Some believed in the saying that colonial rivalries only worsened international relation and caused tension between powers. It is only partly true, colonial rivalries may also improve the relationship between powers when one was compromised. For example, Britain and France had conflicts in Sudan, but finally France withdrew and won British friendship. It showed that colonial rivalries can worse or improve the international relation. The expansion also resulted in militarism. Powers spend more money on military built-up. They produced powerful weapons like poison gas, tanks etc. Also, they enlarge the army and navy. Powers’ thought that strong military could defend themselves. The strong navies were needed to protect a country’s overseas colonies and their interests. Although armaments race created more suspicion and fear, it is self-defence in nature. Therefore, it is not a significant factor. Seventhly, the economic rivalries between the powers contributed to the protectionism. They increased tariffs on the imported products to protect their home markets and local industries. This increase suspicion and hostility among the powers. But when it compared with extreme nationalism, it is again not a significant factor. Eighthly, social Darwinists believed in the ideas of â€Å" survival for the fittest† and â€Å"natural selection†. These ideas were applied in the international politics. It gave rise to the expansionism. Again, It is not the most significant factor. To sum up, the extreme nationalism is the fundamental factor. The others are the auxiliary factor. There are many forms of nationalism, include the independence movements, unification, the revenge movement and the expansion, each of them gave rise to another factor. Therefore, to a large extent, extreme nationalism is the most significant factor in leading the outbreak of First World War.

Alexander The Great Essay -- miscellaneuos

Alexander The Great Alexander the Great was a man with no equal in History. He was one of the most important forces known to man. Alexander the Great then crossed the Hellespoint, which is now called the Dardanelles and, as head of a Greek army undertook the war on Persia that his father had been planning. The march he had begun was to be one of the greatest in history. Alexander was one of the biggest influenced on people of all time and one of the most powerful personalities. He really molded people into acting the correct way. He brought people together and showed them how to live better. He defiantly changed the lives of many. Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC Philip his father was the brother of Perdiccas III king of Macedonia. His mother’s name was Olympia’s. Olympia’s was the daughter of King Neoptolemus I. He was known wide to be a great powerful man. Alexander had a younger sister named Cleopatra. The whole family had a lot of very important background. It was a fact t hat Alexander and Cleopatra’s parents did not get along. At this time it was a Macedonian tradition to have many wives. Philip had several and Olympia’s hated them all. She felt much hate towards them. When one of her rivals gave birth to a retarded son Arridaeus, there were many rumors that Olympia’s poisoned him. Olympia’s told Alexander that Philip wasn't his real father although he was. He made sure the boy was well educated, even the great philosopher Aristotle was one of Alexander's tutors. Even thought he though him well Philip wasn’t a very good father. He always discouraged Alexander and made him feel worthless. When Alexander the great was 3 his father’s son King Perdiccas died. His young son Amyntas was supposed to take his place as ruler. Philip was supposed to help him but he made his way above him making himself King Philip II. He proved to be a strong ruler, and in a few decades he conquered most of Greece. As a teenager Alexander became friends wit a boy around his age named Hephaestion. It was rumored that they were lovers. At this time Homosexuality was accepted in Greece. Even Alexander's father had many male lovers. Till this day no one really knows the relationship between the two but it is said that throughout their lives they stood by each other. When Alexander turned his father went away to war, leaving Alexander to serve as leader of Macedon. During t... ...me ill, and on June 13 he died in Babylon. He was 32. Historians have said that he died from malaria, but recently it has been said that he died of typhoid fever. The empire was soon torn apart by the struggles that Alexander the Great's advisors and generals had. This was now called the Diadochi. Diadochi is Greek for successors. In 319 the â€Å"Antipater† died and was succeeded as regent by Polyperchon, whom did Antipater’s son Cassander quickly oust. In time Roxanne and her son were also killed by Cassander, who became the king of Macedon in 305 BC. Alexander Aegus was thirteen when he died. He left his empire in his own words, "to the strongest. Whether or not Alexander had plans for any world conquering cannot be determined but he had accomplished greater conquests than any before him. He was one of the greatest generals of all time and one of the most powerful personalities of antiquity. He influenced the spread of Hellenism throughout the Middle East and into Asia; establishing city-states modeled on Greek institutions that flourished long after his death. Alexander will never be superior to any man and will remain forever as "the Great" in the pages of History as we know it.

A Comparative Analysis of Early Greek Rhetorical Theory

The Rhetoric word has been derived from the Greek word Rhetor meaning speaker and meaning of the term is an art of public speaking. (Habib, 2005) The art implies various techniques applied by the speaker to create dramatic, intellectual and emotional appeal while delivering the speech. It also implies composition and arrangement of the text making it more appealing and persuasive for the listeners.Since last two hundred years, the scope and application of rhetoric has considerably changed in the changing literary, social and intellectual contexts.The art of rhetoric has been modified to meet various needs in the political sphere, in the sphere of institution and discipline of philosophy, in the institution of theology whereby rhetoric has been placed in context to the expression of divine revelation, in the entire sphere of education practices and literary criticism. In all these areas, rhetoric is placed and articulated to meet their specific interests.Rhetoric was originated in Anc ient Greece in the fifth century B.C and got into existence by Sophists, Aristotle, and then from the Roman world to Cato, Cicero and Quintilian. The father of Church St Augustine enlisted the form of rhetoric during the service of Christian doctrine.Classical rhetoric had five parts: invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery. There is also held opinion that the art of rhetoric was founded in 476 BC by Syracuse whose student Tisias spread the teachings of this master and brought it into the main stream. All theorists and historians have acknowledged the fact that rhetoric was used profoundly in the political activities and was the most important component in democracy.The ruling powers had all the right to express independently and in an articulate way and had judged that it was only through the control of language, ideas and worldviews that a particular class could have a control over the economic and political spheres. The trend was true in our ancient and is very well pr evalent in the democratic world of today. (Habib, 2005) The following essay will be the analytical comparative study of the two Greeks theological perceptions on rhetoric and the way they developed the same.Socrates was living during the age of what classicist Eric Havelock has named â€Å"the crisis . . . in the history of human communication, when Greek orality transformed itself into Greek literacy† (Havelock, 1988, p. 1).Before this education was imparted orally and through poetic tradition going back hundreds of years and the Socrates opposed this form of education by proposing that education be made professional and should be imparted through dialectical examination of ideas and he was sentenced to death for the same.   (Havelock, 1988)Socrates developed his form of rhetoric from differences between the older tradition and the new literacy forms offered by the Greek alphabet. Greeks used different words to develop two different forms of communication-epos also known a s discourse that was both in written as well as in oral form.The public speaking and public discourse were so important in Ancient Athens that new form of rhetoric emerged and this gave birth to many professional teachers of rhetoric. These teachers were called as Sophists emerged from Sophos meaning wise and they were used to teach the art of rhetoric for their use in the courts, legislatures, political forums as well as in the political debates and philosophical dispositions.Among the Sophists, Protagoras was considered as the most influential among all, and his most important idea was â€Å"man is the measure of all things.† (Habib, 2005, p. 65) Protagoras laid his bases on the fact that each argument has two sides and there is equal rationale behind these two sides.He was accused of expediency in argument, as it could induce the people to think about the worst as best and best thoughts as worst. Another to enhance the concept rhetoric into the public sphere was Gorgias (4 85-380BC), whose disposition of rhetoric lay on the language of poets. He looked at the world as the world of opposites, contradictions and polarities, which could be reconciled by only the words of poetry. He viewed that rhetoric touched the soul and so poetry.Styli devices of poetry and sounds of music was rhetoric which could make the speech very interesting and soul touching, while the teachings of Isocrates were dependent on the political events and emphasized on the education as a form or rhetoric device.Like Socrates, he believed that education should impart moral values and emphasized on truth and virtue as the most important part of rhetoric and should include training of the mind and body as complementary form of activities. All in all their formation of the techniques of rhetoric emerged from the struggles out of the need of their political, educational and cultural causes.